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Familial Intracranial Aneurysm in Newfoundland: Clinical and Genetic Analysis
- Amy E. Powell, Bridget A. Fernandez, Falah Maroun, Barbara Noble, Michael O. Woods
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 46 / Issue 5 / September 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 August 2019, pp. 518-526
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Objective:
Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is an expansion of the weakened arterial wall that is often asymptomatic until rupture, resulting in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Here we describe the high prevalence of familial IA in a cohort of Newfoundland ancestry. We began to investigate the genetic etiology of IA in affected family members, as the inheritance of this disease is poorly understood.
Methods:Whole exome sequencing was completed for a cohort of 12 affected individuals from two multiplex families with a strong family history of IA. A filtering strategy was implemented to identify rare, shared variants. Filtered variants were prioritized based on validation by Sanger sequencing and segregation within the families.
Results:In family R1352, six variants passed filtering; while in family R1256, 68 variants remained, so further filtering was pursued. Following validation by Sanger sequencing, top candidates were investigated in a set of population controls, namely, C4orf6 c.A1G (p.M1V) and SPDYE4c.C103T (p.P35S). Neither was detected in 100 Newfoundland control samples.
Conclusion:Rare and potentially deleterious variants were identified in both families, though incomplete segregation was identified for all filtered variants. Alternate methods of variant prioritization and broader considerations regarding the interplay of genetic and environmental factors are necessary in future studies of this disease.
Developmental parameters of a southern mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) population reveal potential source of latitudinal differences in generation time
- Anne E. McManis, James A. Powell, Barbara J. Bentz
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- Journal:
- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 151 / Issue 1 / February 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 06 November 2018, pp. 1-15
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Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins; Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a major disturbance agent in pine (Pinus Linnaeus; Pinaceae) ecosystems of western North America. Adaptation to local climates has resulted in primarily univoltine generation time across a thermally diverse latitudinal gradient. We hypothesised that voltinism patterns have been shaped by selection for slower developmental rates in southern populations inhabiting warmer climates. To investigate traits responsible for latitudinal differences we measured lifestage-specific development of southern mountain pine beetle eggs, larvae, and pupae across a range of temperatures. Developmental rate curves were fit using maximum posterior likelihood estimation with a Bayesian prior to improve fit stability. When compared to previously published data for a northern population, optimal development of southern individuals occurred at higher temperatures, with higher development thresholds, as compared with northern individuals. Observed developmental rates of the southern and northern populations were similar across studied lifestages at 20 °C, and southern lifestages were generally faster at temperature extremes (10 °C, 27 °C). At 25 °C southern fourth instars were significantly slower than northern fourth instars. Our results suggest that evolved traits in the fourth instar and remaining unstudied lifestage, teneral (i.e., preemergent) adult, likely influence latitudinal differences in mountain pine beetle generation time.
List of tables
- Ian Greener, Barbara E. Harrington, Northumbria University, David J. Hunter, Newcastle University, Russell Mannion, University of Birmingham, Martin Powell
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- Book:
- Reforming Healthcare
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 25 February 2022
- Print publication:
- 03 June 2014, pp iv-iv
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one - Introduction
- Ian Greener, Barbara E. Harrington, Northumbria University, David J. Hunter, Newcastle University, Russell Mannion, University of Birmingham, Martin Powell
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- Book:
- Reforming Healthcare
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 25 February 2022
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- 03 June 2014, pp 1-10
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Summary
I used to pore over the latest offerings from various highly reputable academic or scholarly quarters, and find nothing of any real practical help. (Tony Blair, cited in Powell, 2011)
During the 2000s there was a great deal of rhetoric about evidencebased policy and evidence-based policy-making (Davies et al, 2000; Perkins et al, 2010). However, policy and policy-making often appear to be rather more based on the existing ideas (or even prejudices or ideologies) of those in positions of power rather than on research evidence. And there are several reasons for this.
Policy-makers may believe they already know what needs to be done, and so do not need to examine what research says. Equally, those in positions of power may find research inaccessible in terms of its place of publication, or that it is written in dense, academic language they find difficult to understand. They may also find research to be too equivocal, too concerned with trying to consider both sides of a problem than coming to a conclusion or solution that they can get on with turning into a workable policy. Policy-makers may also have strong views about what needs to be done by government, regardless of what researchers are telling them, often seeming to put their own political goals ahead of research, and their ideology ahead of evidence.
When looking back at NHS reorganisations, it does seems to be the case that since the 1980s policy-makers have been unable to resist changing organisational structures, not even waiting to see if the last changes they attempted to put into place had worked or hadn’t. Secretaries of State for Health have sometimes seemed as if they are intent on leaving their own impression on the NHS organisation without considering whether what they are planning to change has any real chance of working.
From the perspective of academics and researchers, on the other hand, policy-makers and politicians often appear to have short attention spans and do not want to engage with the complexities of the area they are trying to change. Politicians can sometimes look as if they have decided what needs to be done without looking at lessons from the past or from other countries.
Frontmatter
- Ian Greener, Barbara E. Harrington, Northumbria University, David J. Hunter, Newcastle University, Russell Mannion, University of Birmingham, Martin Powell
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- Book:
- Reforming Healthcare
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- Bristol University Press
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- 25 February 2022
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- 03 June 2014, pp i-ii
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Reforming Healthcare
- Ian Greener, Barbara E. Harrington, David J. Hunter, Russell Mannion, Martin Powell
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- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 25 February 2022
- Print publication:
- 03 June 2014
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Reforming Healthcare: What's the Evidence? is the first major critical overview of the research published on healthcare reform in England from 1990 onwards by a team of leading UK health policy academics.
Contents
- Ian Greener, Barbara E. Harrington, Northumbria University, David J. Hunter, Newcastle University, Russell Mannion, University of Birmingham, Martin Powell
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- Book:
- Reforming Healthcare
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 25 February 2022
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- 03 June 2014, pp iii-iii
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three - Reorganising the NHS, 1990–2010
- Ian Greener, Barbara E. Harrington, Northumbria University, David J. Hunter, Newcastle University, Russell Mannion, University of Birmingham, Martin Powell
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- Book:
- Reforming Healthcare
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- Bristol University Press
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- 25 February 2022
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- 03 June 2014, pp 29-52
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Summary
Chapter Two explored the Conservative government's attempts to reorganise healthcare in the 1980s, taking this account up to the introduction of the internal market at the end of that decade.
Having outlined the political and ideational context into which the internal market was being introduced at the end of Chapter Two, we now consider the programme theory for it. How was the internal market meant to work?
This chapter first considers the programme theory of the effects of the 1990s internal market reorganisation, before taking the story on to the change in government in 1997and New Labour's various attempts to reorganise healthcare in the 2000s. Chapters Four and Five then consider the evidence from Labour's healthcare reorganisations, before turning to the coalition government's 2010 Health and Social Care Bill.
Purchaser–provider split and the internal market
The logic underlying the programme theory of the purchaser–provider split was that it would allow purchasers to use their funding decisions to reward good providers of care with contracts, giving all providers a funding incentive to improve the quality of their service, and creating the opportunity for successful services to expand (Day and Klein, 1991). The internal market was also meant to incentivise purchasers to find the best value and best quality care for the people they were serving. The government believed that the introduction of market-like governance into the NHS would improve its performance by increasing efficiency and productivity, while at the same time raising quality and reducing the wasted ‘resources on excessive administration’ (Le Grand, 1991, p 1262) that they regarded as coming from a traditional public sector bureaucracy. The internal market represented an internal or wholesale market (in contrast to New Labour's later external, retail market) in that NHS managers were supposed to be working on behalf of patients as their agents, rather than patients being responsible for driving the process of choosing care for themselves. Patients, however, had limited choice or say in their healthcare apart from through GP fundholding and a very limited number of ‘extra contractual referrals’ (ECRs), which were quasi-individual contracts rather than making use of the more usual block contacting process.
References
- Ian Greener, Barbara E. Harrington, Northumbria University, David J. Hunter, Newcastle University, Russell Mannion, University of Birmingham, Martin Powell
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- Book:
- Reforming Healthcare
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- Bristol University Press
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- 25 February 2022
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- 03 June 2014, pp 155-178
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six - The prospects for NHS reorganisation post-2010
- Ian Greener, Barbara E. Harrington, Northumbria University, David J. Hunter, Newcastle University, Russell Mannion, University of Birmingham, Martin Powell
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- Reforming Healthcare
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- Bristol University Press
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- 25 February 2022
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- 03 June 2014, pp 113-146
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Summary
Introduction
But of all the changes that were enacted by the 2012 Health and Social Care Act, the decision to abolish a large proportion of the organisations that comprise the NHS in order to replace them with a whole new set of organisations that only those with the most arcane interest in NHS management structures will ever be able to tell apart is probably the least useful. (Taylor, 2013, pp 85-6)
Chapter One opened with a quote from Roger Taylor suggesting that NHS reorganisations have achieved little other than changes in ‘letterheads and job titles’. What the evidence presented in the first five chapters suggests is that the common currency of healthcare reorganisation contains rather fewer examples of successful change than we might hope. There are, however, also some successes from which we can learn.
This book has considered research examining the NHS reorganisations of the 1980s and 1990s, and in more depth, those attempted by Labour, especially during the 2000s, elaborating the central control and local dynamic programme theories that underpinned their reorganisations of the NHS in England during that decade, to produce more detailed accounts of what appears to work, and also how, and under what circumstances.
Although central control mechanisms have been shown to be problematic in hospital settings, the QOF in the area of general practice has shown there is potential for their adaptation. Local dynamic mechanisms, such as patient choice and competition, and PPI, demonstrate isolated examples of working well, but are areas where it is far more difficult to produce a detailed programme theory that shows how reorganisation can work well because of the significant problems they have encountered in both policy design and implementation.
This chapter explores what these elaborated programme theories can tell us about NHS reform after 2010. Following the general election that year, the coalition government put in place a radical programme of reorganisation for the NHS in England, courting significant controversy in the process, and resulting in changes that have been referred to as the most significant in the history of the NHS (Hunter, 2011). This chapter considers the nature of the coalition government's reorganisation, and the prospects for it working based on research evidence from previous chapters.
four - ‘Central control’ reorganisation in the NHS in the 2000s
- Ian Greener, Barbara E. Harrington, Northumbria University, David J. Hunter, Newcastle University, Russell Mannion, University of Birmingham, Martin Powell
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- Reforming Healthcare
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- Bristol University Press
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- 25 February 2022
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- 03 June 2014, pp 53-82
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Summary
The context of health policy in the 2000s
Attempting to reorganise the NHS so that there is a stronger means of managing the performance of healthcare organisations is not a new idea. Performance indicators were first introduced in the 1970s and were extended during the 1980s, with the first comprehensive national performance data set disseminated in September 1983 to local health authorities in a series of ‘grey books’ (Pollitt, 1985). In 1991, and marking the creation of the internal market, these performance indicators were relabelled health service indicators. By the end of the decade their use was still largely an ‘external’ exercise where ratings were published once a year and league tables constructed, apparently mostly with the public (or at least the media) as their intended audience, but with few penalties for NHS trusts rated as the worst performers, and few rewards for those graded as performing well.
This chapter considers how Labout put in place a series of organisational changes based around the goal of achieving greater ‘central control’ over implementation (or ‘delivery’, as it became known) during the 2000s. It considers the use of performance management systems in both hospitals and GP surgeries, but with, we will argue, very important differences that affected the relative successes of such systems in those different contexts. Because the context here has already been outlined to some extent in Chapter Three, there is necessarily some repetition in order both to be clear about the policy environment of the 2000s, but also to try and make each chapter as free-standing as possible in terms of content. We hope that presenting the material in this way adds to clarity without putting readers off.
As noted in Chapter Three, there were signs from 1997 and 1998 that Labour wanted to tighten central control over policy implementation, but it was not until the publication of the NHS Plan in 2000 (Secretary of State for Health, 2000) that the new direction became fixed. The NHS Plan marked the beginning of a period of increased investment in the NHS, raising the proportion of gross domestic product (GDP) spent on healthcare in the UK to around the European Union (EU) average from being around 2 percentage points below.
Acknowledgements
- Ian Greener, Barbara E. Harrington, Northumbria University, David J. Hunter, Newcastle University, Russell Mannion, University of Birmingham, Martin Powell
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- Book:
- Reforming Healthcare
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 25 February 2022
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- 03 June 2014, pp v-vi
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Index
- Ian Greener, Barbara E. Harrington, Northumbria University, David J. Hunter, Newcastle University, Russell Mannion, University of Birmingham, Martin Powell
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- Reforming Healthcare
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- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 25 February 2022
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- 03 June 2014, pp 179-186
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two - The NHS in 1990
- Ian Greener, Barbara E. Harrington, Northumbria University, David J. Hunter, Newcastle University, Russell Mannion, University of Birmingham, Martin Powell
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- Reforming Healthcare
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- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 25 February 2022
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- 03 June 2014, pp 11-28
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Summary
Introduction
The aim of this chapter is to provide the context for the rest of the book, exploring the NHS in 1990 in terms of its organisational structure and dynamics at that time. In an institution like the NHS, where understanding history is important to get a sense of why particular structures were put in place or what kinds of relationships exist between policy-makers and staff, this necessarily involves going back before 1990. However, we attempt to include only the elements of NHS history that are most relevant to understanding the material in the rest of the book.
The chapter proceeds by presenting the background to health organisation and policy in 1990 to provide a starting point for the account of subsequent reorganisations, exploring in more depth attempts at reorganisation during the 1980s (especially the Griffiths management reforms and the Working for patients internal market) in order to construct the ‘shared version’ of health politics in 1990s which provides the starting point, and context, for the book's analysis.
Background
The central organisational relationship in health policy and politics in the first decades of the NHS was that which existed between the state (broadly speaking, the government of the day) and the medical profession. Klein (1990) captures the relationship in characteristically vivid terms as being a ‘double bed’ of mutual dependence, with the medical profession dependent on the state which was effectively the monopoly employer of their services (outside of a very small private sector), and the state, at the same time, dependent on the medical profession to both run the NHS, and to ration its care within the resources available. Although the relationship was one of dependence, that did not mean that conflict could not occur or even become public (as it certainly did during negotiations over medical contracts in the 1960s and during industrial disputes in the 1970s), but it did mean that both the state and the medical profession had little alternative but to try and work with one another to make the best of the situation.
The period 1948–81 was, in retrospect, one of remarkable continuity and relative calm in respect of NHS organisation and policy.
five - Local dynamic reform in the NHS since 2000
- Ian Greener, Barbara E. Harrington, Northumbria University, David J. Hunter, Newcastle University, Russell Mannion, University of Birmingham, Martin Powell
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- Book:
- Reforming Healthcare
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 25 February 2022
- Print publication:
- 03 June 2014, pp 83-112
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Summary
Introduction
For much of the history of the NHS, individual hospitals, GP surgeries and community health providers have been only indirectly linked to the Department of Health. The government has set the budget of the NHS, and put in place new organisational structures (as it did in 1974 and 1990), but for the most part, the day-to-day activities of most health organisations have been remarkably insulated from the control of influence of the organisational tiers above them, or from government itself. The previous chapter explored how this changed during the 2000s, when a performance management system was put in place that imposed a great deal more central control on both hospitals and GP practices, to varying degrees of success. This chapter explores how policy-makers attempted to get health organisations to improve by putting in place what we have called ‘local dynamic’ mechanisms to attempt to drive improvements.
‘Local dynamic’ mechanisms differ from central control reform mechanisms in that, although they are imposed centrally by government, they attempt to create locally based dynamics that may vary in operation from context to context, but that seek to generate improvement in a self-sustaining way. Central control mechanisms such as performance management require a central department to put in place incentives to improve by monitoring the activities of organisations, measuring them, and responding appropriately by either rewarding good performance or penalising bad. Local dynamic mechanisms, in contrast, attempt to generate mechanisms by which organisations can become selfimproving, and so do not need the continual intervention of a central department.
The two mechanisms are summarised below, in Table 5.1.
Chronologies of health policy during the 2000s, and indeed the accounts of government advisers (Warner, 2011), suggest that the early part of the decade was dominated by central control measures, after which a more concerted attempt was made to introduce local dynamic mechanisms (often alongside the central controls) (Greener, 2004b; Stevens, 2004). The director of the Prime Minister's Delivery Unit suggested that by the mid-2000s top-down performance management systems (central control) were running up against their limits, and further improvements needed a new, bottom-up philosophy of improvement instead (local dynamic) (Barber, 2007).
seven - Conclusion
- Ian Greener, Barbara E. Harrington, Northumbria University, David J. Hunter, Newcastle University, Russell Mannion, University of Birmingham, Martin Powell
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- Book:
- Reforming Healthcare
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 25 February 2022
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- 03 June 2014, pp 147-154
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Summary
But rather than looking – again – for a structural answer that will work the same way everywhere right across the country, maybe it's time for more emergent models, more experimentation, and more diversity. (Stevens, 2011)
Introduction
In July 2013, the government withdrew its plans to put in place minimum unit alcohol pricing and plain tobacco packaging in England on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence to support these proposals, and despite Scotland already progressing such ideas. As such, three years after the general election of 2010, the government was still claiming that its approach to healthcare was evidence-based, albeit in the face of (in relation to these plans at least) considerable scepticism from the media and public.
This chapter considers what it means to be concerned about evidence and health reorganisation, and restates the book's central ideas and findings.
Evidence and policy
The ideal model of the link between evidence and policy has the former informing the latter, with policy then being carefully evaluated before creating new evidence on which new policy is based, in a virtuous circle stretching off into the future. But we know this doesn't happen. Policy-makers can come with their own ideas, evidence can be more equivocal or technical than policy-makers might like, and the best of intentions on both sides may be derailed by miscommunication and the urgency of problems of the day taking priority over a more careful, reflective approach. Health policy, be it at the local or national level, often appears to be as much about the influence and importance of particular individuals over the process as their mastery of research evidence (Oliver et al, 2012).
Equally, assuming that evidence-gathering and synthesis is a purely technical process that can produce unequivocal answers that are guaranteed to work is both to deny human agency and to raise the expectations of policy-makers and the public to a level that cannot possibly be met. Researchers have an obligation to be measured and cautious in their recommendations, as well as being aware of the limitations of their own work. Making recommendations for policy is too important to not contain caveats and make clear the need for contextualisations. If this frustrates policy-makers, who might want simple answers about ‘what works’, then perhaps the fault lies with those seeking simple answers to complex problems rather than with researchers attempting to better understand the world.
Notes on contributors
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- By James Eli Adams, Joseph Bristow, Oliver S. Buckton, Barbara Caine, Richard Cave, David Clifford, Harry Cocks, Matt Cook, Joseph Donohue, Richard Dorment, Sos Eltis, Helen Freshwater, Josephine M. Guy, Ellis Hanson, Merlin Holland, Russell Jackson, Jarlath Killeen, Leon Litvack, Ruth Livesey, Jerusha McCormack, Michèle Mendelssohn, Susan Owens, Kerry Powell, Steven Price, Peter Raby, Mark Ravenhill, John Paul Riquelme, Anthony Roche, Sean Ryder, Jan-Melissa Schramm, Ian Small, Philip E. Smith, Margaret D. Stetz, John Stokes, Mark W. Turner, Lynn Voskuil, Marcus Waithe
- Edited by Kerry Powell, Miami University, Peter Raby, Homerton College, Cambridge
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- Book:
- Oscar Wilde in Context
- Published online:
- 18 December 2013
- Print publication:
- 12 December 2013, pp xvi-xxii
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An Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Respiratory Tract Infections Associated with Intrinsically Contaminated Ultrasound Transmission Gel
- Paul Chittick, Victoria Russo, Matthew Sims, Barbara Robinson-Dunn, Susan Oleszkowicz, Kara Sawarynski, Kimberly Powell, Jacob Makin, Elizabeth Darnell, Judith A. Boura, Bobby Boyanton, Jeffrey Band
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 34 / Issue 8 / August 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 850-853
- Print publication:
- August 2013
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We describe an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory tract infections related to intrinsically contaminated ultrasound gel used for intraoperative transesophageal echocardiograms in cardiovascular surgery patients. This investigation led to a product safety alert by the Food and Drug Administration and the development of guidelines for appropriate use of ultrasound gel.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Contributors
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- By Annie S. Anderson, James Barry, Eve Blair, Laura Brown, Sirinuch Chomtho, Rana Conway, Adrienne Cullum, Alan T. Davis, Mary Fewtrell, Lorraine Gambling, Y. Ingrid Goh, William W. Hay, William C. Heird, Louise Kenny, Christopher H. Knight, Wing Yee Kwong, Barbara Luke, Harry J. McArdle, Fergus McCarthy, Karin B. Michels, Ian M. Morison, Leslie Myatt, James D. Paauw, Theresa Powell, Shobha Rao, Tim Regnault, Wolf Reik, Jacques Rigo, Paul Rozance, Thibault Senterre, Kevin D. Sinclair, Alison C. Tse, Wendy L. Wrieden, Chittaranjan Yajnik
- Edited by Michael E. Symonds, University of Nottingham, Margaret M. Ramsay, University of Nottingham
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- Maternal-Fetal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation
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- 26 February 2010
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